Anatomically designed orthopedic knee brace

ABSTRACT

An orthopedic knee brace provides an apparatus for accurately prescribing the anatomical motion of the human knee. The orthopedic knee brace is used for treatment and rehabilitation following surgery to the knee, protection for a surgically repaired knee, and protection for an uninjured knee, among other applications. The orthopedic knee brace actively prescribes asymmetric three-dimensional anatomic motion in six degrees of freedom of the wearer&#39;s knee. The rigid connections between the thigh and calf engaging members and the medial and lateral hinges provide the ability of the orthopedic knee brace to prescribe asymmetric three-dimensional anatomic motion in six degrees of freedom by actively prescribing flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, internal/extemal rotation, anterior/posterior translation, medial/lateral translation, and proximal/distal translation between a femur and a tibia of a wearer&#39;s leg.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The present invention is concerned with an improved orthopedic device for a wearer's leg.

BACKGROUND

[0002] Roughly seven million people are currently diagnosed with knee osteoarthritis, and this number is expected to double by the year 2020. Knee brace devices are designed to provide control over movement of the human knee following injury, during recuperation from injury, and to provide protection and healing of the knee. Existing devices do not take into account a complete understanding of the anatomy of the knee joint and particularly knee kinematics. For these reasons, existing knee brace devices fail to accommodate and adequately control the full range of motion of the knee. These deficiencies in existing knee brace devices limit their usefulness and impair the ability of the knee joint to heal during recuperation following injury.

[0003] The human knee joint is formed by the distal end of the femur, particularly the medial and lateral femoral condyles, and the proximal end of the tibia, particularly the respective medial and lateral tibial plateaus. The condyles of the femur articulate upon the tibial plateaus. The medial and lateral condyles are not symmetric in size or shape, with respect to one another, nor are the articular surfaces of the corresponding tibial plateaus.

[0004] The knee joint is a complex hinge mechanism with many motions in multiple planes taking place simultaneously, with six degrees of freedom. Flexion and extension take place in the sagittal plane. During normal human locomotion the knee ranges from zero degrees, which is defined as full extension (straight leg), to an average of about 60 degrees of flexion (bent knee position). When a person increases activity, for example jogging or sprinting, knee range of motion increases somewhat relative to the person's velocity. The natural roll and glide of the femur on the tibial plateau occurs in an anterior and posterior motion within the sagittal plane. As the femur rolls back on the tibia during flexion it also glides. Since the medial and lateral condyles are essentially spherical and have different radii, they rotate and glide at a different rate. The differential rollback creates a complex asymmetric motion to the knee.

[0005] Further motion linked to the knee flexion and extension occurs in the frontal plane. As the knee flexes, the ankle moves toward the midline of the body to create adduction (or varus). As the knee extends, the ankle moves away from the midline of the body to create abduction (or valgus). Simultaneous motion also occurs in the transverse plane. The tibia exhibits internal and external rotation with respect to the femur. As the knee flexes the tibia internally rotates with respect to the femur. As the knee extends the tibia externally rotates. This phenomenon is known as “the screw home mechanism.” The screw home motion is a result of ligament and other soft tissue tension, as well as the articular geometry and relationship between the medial and lateral femoral condyles with the respective tibial plateaus. As the knee flexes and extends, the tibia further exhibits proximal/distal motion and medial/lateral motion with respect to the femur.

[0006] Injury to the knee, such as major ligament injury, is a major factor leading to knee osteoarthritis or degenerative joint disease. Injury to the knee disrupts the dynamic coupling of the various independent but simultaneous motions. Interference with the natural anatomical motions of the knee results in incongruence between the femoral condyles and their respective tibial plateaus. This incongruence creates instability of the knee as well as excessive loading of the articular surfaces of the joint, leading to knee osteoarthritis.

[0007] Knee braces have been designed to protect and provide control for the human knee. Most designs ignore the three dimensional asymmetric motion critical to the healthy preservation of the anatomical knee joint, controlling motion in a single, sagittal plane. The rigidity found in these types of braces provides good protection from external impact to the knee, but as a result of the limited single plane motion, do not protect or preserve the articular surfaces of the joint.

[0008] Examples of previously described knee braces include devices for stabilizing a knee joint that provide a hinge mechanism with a cam follower and a cam slot. U.S. Pat. No. 4,723,539. The hinge allows the knee joint to move in a forward to rearward motion only within the sagittal plane during flexion and extension of the knee joint while in the appliance. The hinge mechanism of the knee brace does not control any other planes of motion of the knee joint.

[0009] Other known devices provide a hinge for use in an orthopedic knee brace, wherein the hinge has linking and pivot members proposed to simulate movement of the tibia in relation to the femur. U.S. Pat. No. 5,230,697. In this type of hinge mechanism, the pivot point in the hinge varies or changes during rotational movement. Principal movement of the knee within the knee brace occurs within the sagittal plane. The hinge mechanism reportedly controls movement within a single plane, but fails to control other planes of motion of the knee joint.

[0010] Other examples of hinges for use in an orthopedic knee brace attempt to provide for movement of the knee joint in three dimensions. These knee braces may allow movement in four of the six degrees of freedom, and potentially five of the six degrees of rotational freedom, of the anatomical knee joint. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,792,086 and 5,107,824. However, in the first of these designs the proximal distal motion of the tibia in relation to the femur is accommodated by a sliding portion of the tibial section of the knee brace, not by the hinge mechanism. The sliding portion adds considerable bulk to the knee brace, which may be undesirable to certain wearers of knee orthoses. Another limitation of this design is that the hinges and the entire knee brace are flexible, not rigid. The plasticity of all components is necessary to prevent binding and restriction during asymmetric motion of the hinges. When hinges with three dimensional geometry in a pin-in-slot pattern of the prior design are used in a rigid knee brace, the prior art knee brace tends to bind resulting in excessive component wear.

[0011] The knee braces of prior design may fail under certain conditions of use. The knee braces of prior design do not offer protection to the wearer's knee and leg from outside impact. The knee braces of the prior design may fail under load. The slot and pins may wear substantially due to friction, placing a burden on the knee brace and the wearer, and limiting the useful life of the product.

[0012] In the second design, the knee brace may lack the rigidity necessary to properly brace the knee joint under certain conditions. In one important aspect, the hinges of the knee brace are not rigidly fixed relative to one another. The medial and lateral hinges exist independently in medial and lateral cuffs, respectively, and are held together by flexible straps. This flexibility allows movement of the hinges and or the thigh and calf cuffs to prevent the binding that takes place as a result of the mechanical hinge asymmetry. This knee brace therefore does not brace the knee joint in six degrees of freedom of movement.

[0013] Additional knee braces are provided in a variety of design variations and are known in the art as produced by such makers as Omni™, Donjoy™, Orthotech™, BREG™, Lenox Hill™, Townsend™, and CTI™. Each of these alternative knee brace designs has notable deficiencies in accordance with one or more aspects of the foregoing discussion. None of these additional devices properly brace the knee joint in six degrees of freedom of movement.

[0014] In view of the foregoing, a compelling need exists in the art for an orthopedic knee brace that will accommodate greater anatomical motion, in all six planes, and that will provide a rigid construction as required for sufficient external support and protection of the knee.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0015] The present invention fulfills the foregoing needs and satisfies additional objects and advantages by providing a novel and effective orthopedic knee brace. The orthopedic knee brace in accordance with the present invention is used for treatment and rehabilitation following surgery to the knee, protection for a surgically repaired knee, and protection for an uninjured knee, among other applications. The orthopedic knee brace is useful for most types of surgical repairs to the knee and for prevention of many types of damage to the knee. The orthopedic knee brace provides an apparatus for accurately prescribing the anatomical motion of the human knee. The orthopedic knee brace prescribes movement of the knee joint in three dimensions and in six degrees of freedom simultaneously. The orthopedic knee brace actively prescribes asymmetric three-dimensional anatomic motion between a femur and a tibia during flexion and extension of a wearer's leg. The orthopedic knee brace actively prescribes flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, internal/external rotation, anterior/posterior translation, medial/lateral translation and proximal/distal translation between a femur and a tibia of a wearer's leg. The orthopedic knee brace permits natural movement of the knee which allows improved treatment and rehabilitation of a damaged knee or protection for a surgically repaired or an uninjured knee.

[0016] The orthopedic knee brace in accordance with the present invention comprises a thigh engaging member and a calf engaging member that are connected to medial and lateral hinges. The thigh engaging member and the calf engaging member are substantially rigid. The thigh engaging member securely engages the wearer's thigh and is rigidly connected to the medial hinge and lateral hinge. The calf engaging member securely engages the wearer's calf and is rigidly connected to the medial hinge and lateral hinge. The rigid connections between the thigh and calf engaging members and the medial and lateral hinge extensions allow the knee brace in accordance with the present invention to actively prescribe asymmetric three-dimensional anatomic motion between a femur and a tibia during flexion and extension of a wearer's leg. The rigid connections between the thigh and calf engaging members and the medial and lateral hinge extensions further provide the ability of the hinge mechanisms to actively prescribe motion of the knee in six degrees of freedom, three rotational degrees and three translational degrees. The rigid connections between the thigh and calf engaging members and the hinge mechanisms provide the ability of the orthopedic knee brace in accordance with the present invention to actively prescribe flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, internal/external rotation, anterior/posterior translation, medial/lateral translation and proximal/distal translation between a femur and a tibia of a wearer's leg.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0017]FIG. 1 is a front perspective view of an anatomically designed orthopedic knee brace in accordance with the present invention.

[0018]FIG. 2 is a side perspective view of the anatomically designed orthopedic knee brace.

[0019]FIG. 3 is a cross section of the calf or thigh engaging member interface.

[0020]FIGS. 4A and 4B are cross section views of the shape of the thigh engaging member and calf engaging member.

[0021]FIG. 5 is an exploded isometric view of the medial hinge.

[0022]FIG. 6 is an exploded isometric view of the lateral hinge.

[0023]FIG. 7 is a perspective view of the buckle assembly.

[0024]FIGS. 8A, 8B, 8C, and 8D are plan views of the strap construction.

[0025]FIG. 9 is a perspective view (9A, 9C, and 9E) of a hinge and a cross sectional view (9B, 9D, and 9F) of a cam follower pin and cam slot at three positions of the pin in the slot during 0 degrees (9A, 9B), 20 degrees (9C, 9D), and 40 degrees (9E, 9F) of flexion of the wearer's leg in the anatomically designed orthopedic knee brace.

[0026]FIGS. 10A, 10B, 10C, and 10D are perspective views of the hinge and the extension stop member.

[0027]FIG. 11 is a cross sectional view of the medial hinge.

[0028]FIG. 12 is a cross sectional view of the lateral hinge.

[0029]FIG. 13 is an anatomical figure of a wearer's leg showing six degrees of freedom of movement of a knee joint (formed by the interaction of a femur and a tibia) of the wearer's leg.

[0030]FIG. 14 is a front view of the orthopedic knee brace showing the direction of force applied to the knee brace in the lateral compression test for rigidity of the orthopedic knee brace.

[0031]FIG. 15 is a graph of results of the lateral compression test on the orthopedic knee brace in accordance with the present invention compared to other knee braces.

[0032]FIG. 16 is a graphic representation of medial lateral translation in millimeters during flexion and extension of a wearer's leg in the orthopedic knee brace in accordance with the present invention.

[0033]FIG. 17 is a graphic representation of anterior posterior translation in millimeters during flexion and extension of a wearer's leg in the orthopedic knee brace in accordance with the present invention.

[0034]FIG. 18 is a graphic representation of proximal distal translation in millimeters during flexion and extension of a wearer's leg in the orthopedic knee brace in accordance with the present invention.

[0035]FIG. 19 is a graphic representation of internal external rotation in degrees during flexion and extension of a wearer's leg in the orthopedic knee brace in accordance with the present invention.

[0036]FIG. 20 is a graphic representation of varus valgus rotation in degrees during flexion and extension of a wearer's leg in the orthopedic knee brace in accordance with the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

[0037] Overview

[0038] The orthopedic knee brace in accordance with the present invention provides an apparatus for accurately prescribing the anatomical motion of the human knee. Anatomical tracking, when used with bracing, protects the knee and reduces stress on the anatomical parts of the knee, particularly the ligaments and the articular surfaces.

[0039] The orthopedic knee brace in accordance with the present invention prescribes movement of the knee joint in three dimensions and in six degrees of freedom simultaneously. The orthopedic knee brace actively prescribes asymmetric three-dimensional anatomic motion between a femur and a tibia during flexion and extension of a wearer's leg. The orthopedic knee brace actively prescribes flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, internal/external rotation, anterior/posterior translation, medial/lateral translation and proximal/distal translation between a femur and a tibia of a wearer's leg. The orthopedic knee brace permits natural movement of the knee which allows improved treatment and rehabilitation of a damaged knee or protection for a surgically repaired or an uninjured knee.

[0040] The orthopedic knee brace in accordance with the present invention comprises a thigh engaging member and a calf engaging member that are connected to medial and lateral hinges. The thigh engaging member and the calf engaging member are substantially rigid. The thigh engaging member securely engages the wearer's thigh and is rigidly connected to the medial hinge and lateral hinge. The calf engaging member securely engages the wearer's calf and is rigidly connected to the medial hinge and lateral hinge. The rigid connections between the thigh and calf engaging members and the medial and lateral hinge extensions allow the knee brace in accordance with the present invention to actively prescribe asymmetric three-dimensional anatomic motion between a femur and a tibia during flexion and extension of a wearer's leg. The rigid connections between the thigh and calf engaging members and the medial and lateral hinge extensions further provide the ability of the hinge mechanisms to actively prescribe motion of the knee in six degrees of freedom, three rotational degrees and three translational degrees. The rigid connections between the thigh and calf engaging members and the hinge mechanisms provide the ability of the orthopedic knee brace in accordance with the present invention to actively prescribe flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, intemal/extemal rotation, anterior/posterior translation, medial/lateral translation and proximal/distal translation between a femur and a tibia of a wearer's leg.

[0041] The orthopedic knee brace in accordance with the present invention comprises a thigh engaging member attached to a wearer's thigh and a calf engaging member attached to a wearer's calf. In exemplary embodiments, the thigh engaging member has a medial portion, a lateral portion and an anterior portion. Likewise, an exemplary calf engaging member has a medial portion, a lateral portion and an anterior portion. The orthopedic knee brace further comprises a lateral hinge positioned lateral to the wearer's knee and a medial hinge positioned medial to the wearer's knee. The lateral hinge has an upper lateral hinge linkage for connecting the hinge to the lateral portion of the thigh engaging member and a lower lateral hinge linkage for connecting the hinge to the lateral portion of the calf engaging member. The medial hinge has an upper medial hinge linkage for connecting the hinge to the medial portion of the thigh engaging member and a lower medial hinge linkage for connecting the hinge to the medial portion of the calf engaging member. The thigh engaging member is substantially rigid and forms rigid connections between the thigh engaging member and the upper medial hinge linkage and between the thigh engaging member and the upper lateral hinge linkage. The calf engaging member is substantially rigid and forms rigid connections between the calf engaging member and the lower medial hinge linkage and between the calf engaging member and the lower lateral hinge linkage.

[0042] The rigid connections allow the knee brace in accordance with the present invention to actively prescribe asymmetric three-dimensional anatomic motion between a femur and a tibia during flexion and extension of a wearer's leg. The orthopedic knee brace provides a rigid thigh engaging member, a rigid calf engaging member. The medial and lateral hinges of the knee brace actively prescribe in six degrees of freedom, flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, internal/external rotation, anterior/posterior translation, medial/lateral translation and proximal/distal translation between a femur and a tibia of a wearer's leg.

[0043] The rigidity of the orthopedic knee brace in accordance with the present invention is determined, for example, by resistance to compression of the knee brace in the medial lateral direction. Rigidity of the orthopedic knee brace may be determined by forcing the medial hinge toward the lateral hinge a distance of 0.5 inches. The orthopedic knee brace is rigid or substantially rigid if compression of the knee brace by 0.5 inches in the medial lateral direction requires, in one embodiment, applying a force of approximately 15 pounds or greater, in a further embodiment, approximately 25 pounds or greater; in a further embodiment, approximately 30 pounds or greater. In one exemplary embodiment, the orthopedic knee brace is rigid or substantially rigid if compression of the knee brace by 0.5 inches in the medial lateral direction requires applying a force of between approximately 25 pounds and approximately 35 pounds.

[0044] In a more detailed aspect, the orthopedic knee brace in accordance with the present invention comprises lateral and medial hinges having a plurality of parallel, concentric shells in the shape of a segment of a sphere. The shells have a plurality of cam follower pins and a plurality of cam slots. A side edge of the cam slot is parallel to a side of the cam follower pin. The cam follower pins are shaped to track the path of the cam slots from full flexion to full extension and prevent wear and binding of the lateral and medial hinges upon extended use by the wearer.

[0045] An extension stop member is located on the inner shell on each of the lateral hinge and medial hinge. The extension stop members limit the movement of the orthopedic knee brace during flexion and extension of a wearer's leg. The extension stop member prevent over-flexion or over-extension of the wearer's leg while in the orthopedic knee brace. The inner shell of the hinge has a catch which contacts the extension stop on the extension stop member. Contact between the catch and the extension stop limits extension of the tibia relative to the femur of a wearer's leg when the leg is secured by the thigh engaging member and calf engaging member of the orthopedic knee brace. The extension stop member is adjustable from a setting of 0 degrees to 20 degrees flexion in five degree increments by loosening set screw, moving the extension stop, and retightening set screw. The positional adjustments control the limits of extension of the wearer's leg from 0 degrees flexion (full extension) to 20 degrees flexion (partially limited extension). Zero degrees flexion to 20 degrees flexion corresponds to the minimum angle of flexion of the wearer's leg while in the orthopedic knee brace in accordance with the present invention. In further embodiments, the extension stop member may limit extension of the wearer's leg to 30 degrees flexion, or alternatively, to 40 degrees flexion.

[0046] In a further detailed aspect, the plurality of cam follower pins engage the plurality of cam slots to rotatably engage the parallel, concentric, spherical shells. A side of the cam follower pin is shaped to track a path parallel to a side of the cam slot. In a further detailed embodiment, the side of the cam follower pin at a point closest to the cam slot is parallel to the side of the cam slot throughout the range of motion from flexion to extension of the knee brace.

[0047] In a further detailed aspect, a side of the cam follower pin at a point closest to the cam slot, shaped to track a path parallel to a side of the cam slot, is at an angle to a radial axis of the spherical shell. In one aspect, the cam follower pin is essentially a cylinder, in which case a cross section of the cam follower pin describes a circle. In an alternate aspect, the cam follower pin is not cylindrical, in which case a cross section of the cam follower pin describes an ellipse or other closed curved structure or closed curve plus straight-sided structure. In an alternate aspect, the cam follower pin is multisided, in which case a cross section of the cam follower pin describes a polygon. In a further detailed embodiment, the angle between the side edge of the cam follower pin, shaped to track a path parallel to a side of the cam slot, and the radial axis of the spherical shell of the hinge is between approximately 0 and 45 degrees. In a further embodiment the angle is between approximately 10 and 35 degrees. In a further embodiment, the angle is between approximately 20 and 25 degrees. The cam follower pins are shaped to track the path of the cam slots from full flexion to full extension and prevent wear and binding of the lateral and medial hinges upon extended use by the wearer.

[0048] In another embodiment, the invention provides an anatomical bracing hinge for an orthopedic knee brace. The anatomical bracing hinge provides a medial hinge and a lateral hinge. The medial hinge comprises a first shell, a second shell, and a third shell in the shape of a segment of a sphere. The first and third shells are concentric and fastened parallel to each other to form a first opening. The first and third shells are fastened to one of a medial portion of a thigh engaging member and a calf engaging member, and the second shell is fastened to the other of the medial portion of the thigh engaging member and the calf engaging member. The second shell is designed to be inserted into the first opening. The second shell is concentric and parallel to the first and third shells. The first and third shells are rotatably engaged to the second shell by a plurality of cam follower pins engaging a plurality cam slots. The lateral hinge comprises a fourth shell, a fifth shell, and a sixth shell in the shape of a segment of a sphere. The fourth and sixth shells are concentric and fastened parallel to each other to form a second opening. The fourth and sixth shells are fastened to one of a lateral portion of a thigh engaging member and a calf engaging member, and the fifth shell is fastened to the other of the lateral portion of the thigh engaging member and the calf engaging member. The fifth shell is designed to be inserted into the second opening. The fifth shell is concentric and parallel to the fourth and sixth shells. The fourth and sixth shells are rotatably engaged to the fifth shell by a plurality of cam follower pins engaging a plurality of cam slots. The medial and lateral hinges of the anatomical bracing hinge actively prescribe asymmetric three-dimensional anatomic motion between a femur and a tibia during flexion and extension of a wearer's leg.

[0049] In a more detailed aspect, the anatomical bracing hinge in accordance with the present invention provides a lateral hinge and a medial hinge that actively prescribe asymmetric three-dimensional anatomic motion between a femur and a tibia during flexion and extension of a wearer's leg. The medial and lateral hinges of the knee brace actively prescribe flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, internal/external rotation, anterior/posterior translation, medial/lateral translation, and proximal/distal translation between a femur and a tibia of a wearer's leg.

[0050] In a further detailed aspect, the anatomical bracing hinge in accordance with the present invention comprises cam follower pins with a side edge of the cam follower pin at an angle to a radial axis of the spherical shell. The angle of a side of the cam slot is parallel to the side edge of the cam follower pin. The cam follower pins are shaped to track the path of the cam slots from full flexion to full extension and prevent wear and binding of the lateral and medial hinges.

[0051] In a further detailed embodiment, the plurality of cam follower pins engage the plurality of cam slots to rotatably engage the parallel, concentric, spherical shells to form the anatomical bracing hinge. A side edge of the cam follower pin is shaped to track a path parallel to a side of said cam slot. In a further detailed embodiment, the side edge of the cam follower pin at a point closest to the cam slot is parallel to the side of the cam slot throughout the range of motion from flexion to extension of the knee brace.

[0052] In another embodiment, a method of constructing an orthopedic knee brace in accordance with the present invention comprises constructing the thigh engaging member and the calf engaging member from a rigid material. A lateral hinge and a medial hinge are held at a fixed distance along an instantaneous axis of rotation of the wearer's knee. The distance between the lateral hinge and the medial hinge is adjusted to fit a pin/slot geometry whereby the knee brace prescribes asymmetric three-dimensional anatomic motion in six degrees of freedom by actively prescribing flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, internal/external rotation, anterior/posterior translation, medial/lateral translation and proximal/distal translation between a femur and a tibia of a wearer's leg.

[0053] The orthopedic knee brace in accordance with the present invention actively prescribes medial lateral translation during flexion and extension of the orthopedic knee brace. In one embodiment, the range of medial lateral translation during flexion and extension of the orthopedic knee brace is from approximately 2 millimeters of medial translation to approximately 6 millimeters of lateral translation. In a further embodiment, the range of medial lateral translation is from approximately zero millimeters to approximately 6 millimeters of lateral translation. In a further embodiment, the range of medial lateral translation is from approximately zero millimeters to approximately 4 millimeters of lateral translation.

[0054] The orthopedic knee brace in accordance with the present invention actively prescribes anterior posterior translation during flexion and extension of the orthopedic knee brace. In one embodiment, the range of anterior posterior translation during flexion and extension of the orthopedic knee brace is from approximately zero millimeters to approximately 25 millimeters of anterior translation. In a further embodiment, the range of anterior posterior translation is from approximately zero millimeters to approximately 20 millimeters of anterior translation. In a further embodiment, the range of anterior posterior translation is from approximately 0 millimeters to approximately 16 millimeters of anterior translation.

[0055] The orthopedic knee brace in accordance with the present invention actively prescribes proximal distal translation during flexion and extension of the orthopedic knee brace. In one embodiment, the range of proximal distal translation during flexion and extension of the orthopedic knee brace is from approximately zero millimeters to approximately 12 millimeters of proximal translation. In a further embodiment, the range of proximal distal translation is from approximately zero millimeters to approximately 5 millimeters of proximal translation. In a further embodiment, the range of proximal distal translation is from approximately 0 millimeters to approximately 9 millimeters of proximal translation.

[0056] The orthopedic knee brace in accordance with the present invention actively prescribes internal external rotation during flexion and extension of the orthopedic knee brace. In one embodiment, the range of internal external rotation during flexion and extension of the orthopedic knee brace is from approximately 0 degrees to approximately 25 degrees of internal rotation. In a further embodiment, the range of internal external rotation is from approximately 0 degrees to approximately 5 degrees of internal rotation. In a further embodiment, the range of internal external rotation is from approximately 0 degrees to approximately 10 degrees of internal rotation.

[0057] The orthopedic knee brace in accordance with the present invention actively prescribes adduction-abduction (varus-valgus) rotation during flexion and extension of the orthopedic knee brace. In one embodiment, the range of adduction-abduction (varus-valgus) rotation during flexion and extension of the orthopedic knee brace is from approximately 0 degrees to approximately 10 degrees of adduction rotation. In a further embodiment, the range of adduction-abduction is from approximately 0 degrees to approximately 2 degrees of adduction rotation. In a further embodiment, the range of adduction-abduction rotation is from approximately 0 degrees to approximately 5 degrees of adduction rotation.

[0058] The concentric, parallel spherical shells of the lateral hinge have radii that differ from the radii of the concentric, parallel, spherical shells of the medial hinge. In one embodiment, the values of the radii of the first, second and third shells of the lateral hinge may range from approximately 2.5 inches to approximately 3.5 inches within the scope of the anatomically designed orthopedic knee brace. In a further embodiment, the values of the radii of the shells of the lateral hinge may range from approximately 2.7 inches to approximately 3.4 inches. In a further embodiment, the values of the radii of the shells of the lateral hinge may range from approximately 2.9 inches to approximately 3.3 inches. In one embodiment, the values of the radii of the fourth, fifth and sixth shells of the medial hinge may range from approximately 1.5 inches to approximately 2.5 inches within the scope of the anatomically designed orthopedic knee brace. In a further embodiment the values of the radii of the shells of the medial hinge may range from approximately 1.7 inches to approximately 2.4 inches. In a further embodiment, the values of the radii of the shells of the medial hinge may range from approximately 1.8 inches to approximately 2.3 inches. The radii of the spherical shells and the pin/slot geometry of medial and lateral hinges provide an orthopedic knee brace that actively prescribe asymmetric three-dimensional anatomic motion between a femur and a tibia during flexion and extension of a wearer's leg.

[0059] In another embodiment, an orthopedic knee brace for controlling movement of a wearer's knee comprises a thigh engaging means and a calf engaging means. The thigh engaging means may be a thigh engaging member. The calf engaging means may be a calf engaging member. The orthopedic knee brace in accordance with the present invention further comprises a first interengaging control means for rotatably connecting said thigh engaging means to said calf engaging means and a second interengaging control means for rotatably connecting said thigh engaging means to said calf engaging means. The first interengaging control means and the second interengaging control means may be a lateral hinge and a medial hinge rotatably connecting the thigh engaging means to the calf engaging means. The thigh engaging means is substantially rigid and forms rigid connections between the thigh engaging means and the first interengaging control means and between the thigh engaging means and the second interengaging control means. The calf engaging means is substantially rigid and forms rigid connections between the calf engaging means and the first interengaging control means and between the calf engaging means and the second interengaging control means. The rigid connections allow the orthopedic knee brace in accordance with the present invention to actively prescribe asymmetric three-dimensional anatomic motion between a femur and a tibia during flexion and extension of a wearer's leg. The orthopedic knee brace actively prescribes flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, internal/external rotation, anterior/posterior translation, medial/lateral translation and proximal/distal translation between a femur and a tibia of a wearer's leg.

[0060] Exemplary Embodiment

[0061]FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the anatomically designed orthopedic knee brace 1 in accordance with the present invention. In this description, only the orthopedic knee brace and hinge for the right leg are described. It is to be understood that the orthopedic knee brace for the left leg will be a mirror image of that described herein. The orthopedic knee brace shows a substantially rigid design of the brace and a rigid connection of the thigh engaging member 10 and the calf engaging member 20 to the lateral hinge 30 and medial hinge 50. The thigh engaging member and the calf engaging member will often comprise a solid piece molded and formed to the contours of the wearer's thigh and calf. The thigh engaging member typically has a lateral 11, anterior 12, and medial 13 portion. The calf engaging member will typically have a lateral 21, anterior 22, and medial portion 23. The anterior portions of the thigh and calf engaging members are undulated to effectively control the soft tissue of the thigh or calf.

[0062] The thigh engaging member and the calf engaging member are rigid and may be constructed, for example, of reinforced fiber filled thermoplastic resin. The resin can be molded to provide a basic shape and later heated and formed to a desired shape, in this case, a human leg shape.

[0063] As used herein, the term “rigid”, “substantially rigid”, and “rigidly connected” refers to an orthopedic knee brace comprising a hinge that guides and restrains relative movement of a wearer's knee. The orthopedic knee brace in accordance with the present invention is “rigid” in that the knee brace firmly holds the wearer's knee at any given position of the knee during flexion or extension of a wearer's leg and is substantially more stiff than the wearer's knee at any given position of the knee within the brace during flexion or extension of the wearer's leg. The orthopedic knee brace is “rigid” in that the knee brace accurately, correctly, and actively prescribes asymmetric three-dimensional anatomic motion between a femur and a tibia during flexion and extension of a wearer's leg. Furthermore, the orthopedic knee brace accurately, correctly, and actively prescribes motion of the wearer's knee in six degrees of freedom, three rotational degrees and three translational degrees. The six degrees of freedom are flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, internal/external rotation, anterior/posterior translation, medial/lateral translation and proximal/distal translation between a femur and a tibia of a wearer's leg.

[0064] The orthopedic knee brace in accordance with the present invention is considered “rigid”, “substantially rigid”, or “rigidly connected” as measured by a lateral compression test that quantifies the rigidity of the knee brace. Rigidity is determined by the amount of force in pounds required to compress an orthopedic knee brace one half inch in the medial-lateral direction. As described in detail in Example 1 below, the lateral compression test may be conducted, for example, by clamping the knee brace at either the medial or lateral hinge element. A pneumatic press compresses the opposing hinge elements toward each other by 0.5 inches. The force required under load to compress the brace by 0.5 inches is determined. The force is measured in units of pounds. In one embodiment, the orthopedic knee brace is considered “rigid”, “substantially rigid”, or “rigidly connected” if the force required under load to compress the brace by 0.5 inches is 15 pounds or greater. In another embodiment, the force required is 25 pounds or greater. In a further embodiment, the force required is 30 pounds or greater. In one exemplary embodiment, the orthopedic knee brace is rigid or substantially rigid if the force required under load to compress the brace by 0.5 inches is between approximately 25 pounds and approximately 35 pounds. It is understood in the art that there may be alternative measures of rigidity of the orthopedic knee brace.

[0065] The lateral hinge 30 is attached to the lateral portion 11 of the thigh engaging member 10 by an upper lateral hinge linkage 31 and to the lateral portion 21 of the calf engaging member 20 by a lower lateral hinge linkage 32. The medial hinge 50 is attached to the medial portion 13 of the thigh engaging member 10 by an upper medial hinge linkage 51 and to the medial portion 23 of the calf engaging member 20 by a lower medial hinge linkage 52. The upper and lower hinge linkages are rigid and form a rigid connection to the lateral and medial portions of the thigh and calf engaging members.

[0066] The lateral hinge 30 and medial hinge 50 and the upper and lower hinge linkages may be made from a variety of materials that impart sufficient rigidity to the construction, including various metals and composite materials such as graphite composites. In certain embodiments the linkages may be constructed from aluminum, for example, die cast aluminum or machined wrought aluminum. The upper and lower hinge linkages are rigidly connected to the thigh engaging member and calf engaging member by a rigid connecting element, for example metal (e.g., stainless steel pins, bolts, screws, rivets, and like connectors.)

[0067] In one exemplary embodiment, the upper lateral hinge linkage 31 has an inner spherical plate extension 35 and an outer spherical plate extension 36 that are attached to the lateral portion 11 of the thigh engaging member. The attachment forms a rigid linkage between the thigh engaging member 10 and the lateral hinge 30. Similarly, the upper medial hinge linkage 51 has an inner spherical plate extension 55 and an outer spherical plate extension 56 that are attached to the medial portion 13 of the thigh engaging member. The attachment forms a rigid linkage between the thigh engaging member 10 and the medial hinge 50.

[0068] The lower lateral hinge linkage 32 typically has a lateral retainer plate 33 and a center spherical plate extension 34 that are attached to the lateral portion 21 of the calf engaging member. The attachment forms a rigid linkage between the calf engaging member 20 and the lateral hinge 30. Similarly, the lower medial hinge linkage 52 has a medial retainer plate 53 and a center spherical plate extension 54 that are attached to the medial portion 23 of the calf engaging member. The attachment forms a rigid linkage between the calf engaging member 20 and the medial hinge 50.

[0069]FIG. 2 is a side perspective view of one embodiment of an anatomically designed orthopedic knee brace 1 of the invention. The brace features a substantially rigid design overall, particularly including a rigid connection of the thigh engaging member 10 and the calf engaging member 20 to the lateral hinge 30 and medial hinge 50. The thigh engaging member and the calf engaging member will often comprise a solid molded element formed to the contours of the wearer's thigh and calf as shown. The thigh engaging member typically has a lateral portion 11, an anterior portion 12, and a medial portion 13. The calf engaging member typically has a lateral portion 21, an anterior portion 22, and a medial portion 23. The anterior portions 12 and 22 of the thigh and calf engaging members are respectively shaped to securely and comfortably engage the soft tissue of the thigh and calf. The thigh engaging member and the calf engaging member are shaped to maximize the area of contact between the wearer's thigh and the thigh engaging member and between the wearer's calf and the calf engaging member. FIG. 2 shows the area 14 of the anterior portion of the thigh engaging member and the area 24 of the anterior portion of the calf engaging member that effectively cover the soft tissue area of the thigh and calf. Anterior portion 12 of the thigh engaging member has a marginal contour that curves from a proximal to a distal aspect of the thigh moving from the medial or lateral portion toward the center of the anterior portion of the thigh engaging member. Area 14 is maximized to effectively control movement of the femur by the orthopedic knee brace. The contoured shape of the thigh engaging member accommodates muscle activity of the thigh during movement. Anterior portion 22 of the calf engaging member has a marginal contour that curves from a distal to a proximal aspect of the calf from the medial or lateral portion toward the center of the anterior portion of the calf engaging member. Area 24 is maximized to effectively control movement of the tibia by the orthopedic knee brace. The contoured shape of the calf engaging member accommodates muscle activity of the calf during movement. The shape of the medial, lateral, and anterior portions of the thigh engaging member and the calf engaging member of the anatomically designed orthopedic knee brace in accordance with the present invention effectively controls movement of the knee joint in six degrees of freedom, actively prescribing flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, internal/external rotation, anterior/posterior translation, medial/ateral translation and proximal/distal translation between a femur and a tibia of a wearer's leg.

[0070] The design of the substantially rigid thigh attachment member and the substantially rigid calf attachment member may vary the shape of the medial, lateral and anterior portions of the thigh attachment member and the calf attachment member. For example, the shape of the anterior portion of the thigh attachment member and the calf attachment member may have a deeper or shallower marginal curve in the proximal to distal aspect. For example, the area 14 of the thigh engaging member or area 24 of the calf engaging member may be deeper or shallower. These variations in design provide an anatomically designed orthopedic knee brace that effectively controls movement of the knee joint and actively prescribes asymmetric three-dimensional anatomic motion between a femur and a tibia during flexion and extension of a wearer's leg in six degrees of freedom.

[0071] Thigh attachment means 80, 81 in combination with the thigh engaging member 10 securely hold the wearer's thigh in the orthopedic knee brace. In exemplary embodiments, the thigh attachment means secure the undulated area 14 of the anterior portion 12, the lateral portion 11, and the medial portion 13 of the thigh engaging member 10 against the soft tissue area of the thigh. Calf attachment means 82, 83 securely hold the wearer's calf into the orthopedic brace. Calf attachment means 82, 83 and shin attachment means 84 in combination with the calf engaging member 20 hold the undulated area 24 of the anterior portion 22 the lateral portion 21, and the medial portion 23 of the calf engaging member 20 securely against the soft tissue area of the calf. Thigh attachment means in combination with the thigh engaging member securely hold the femur of the wearer within the orthopedic knee brace. Calf attachment means in combination with the calf engaging member securely hold the tibia of the wearer within the orthopedic knee brace. These aspects of the invention contribute to effective control of movement of the knee joint and actively prescribe asymmetric three-dimensional anatomic motion between a femur and a tibia during flexion and extension of a wearer's leg in six degrees of freedom.

[0072] In certain embodiments, flexible straps are held to the thigh engaging member and calf engaging member by strap attachment elements. The strap attachment elements can be selected from a variety of suitable attachment devices, for example, threaded metal (e.g., brass inserts). In an exemplary construction, the metal inserts may be machined and cold pressed in or injection molded into the thigh engaging means and calf engaging means. The straps may be attached to the inside surface of the thigh engaging means and calf engaging means next to the wearer's leg. This configuration of the strap attachment elements allows clothing of the wearer to slide more easily over the thigh engaging means, thigh attachment means, calf engaging means, and calf attachment means.

[0073] The anatomically designed orthopedic knee brace in accordance with the present invention actively prescribes asymmetric three-dimensional anatomic motion between a femur and a tibia during flexion and extension of a wearer's leg in six degrees of freedom. The medial and lateral hinges of the knee brace actively prescribe flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, internal/external rotation, anterior/posterior translation, medial/lateral translation, and proximal/distal translation between a femur and a tibia of a wearer's leg.

[0074]FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary thigh engaging member interface and exemplary calf engaging member interface. The thigh engaging member interface and calf engaging member interface are typically constructed of a laminate combination. The laminate combination may be two or more different materials comprising a soft compressible material, a loop material, and a hydrophilic breathable material. A soft compressible type material 72 for accommodating pressure distribution may be bonded on one side to a loop material 73 for adhering the interface to the calf engaging member and may incorporate on the opposite side a hydrophilic, breathable material 74 that faces the skin of the user. The soft compressible material 72 will often be provided in a semi-elliptical shape to accommodate different leg shapes without causing localized pressure points to the wearer's leg. The thigh engaging member interface will often be of a shape that matches the inner width dimensions of the thigh engaging member anterior 12, medial 13, and lateral extension 11. The calf engaging member interface will generally be of a shape that matches the inner width dimensions of the calf engaging member anterior 22, medial 23, and lateral extension 21.

[0075] The soft compressible material 72 may be composed of, for example: foams or fabrics, polyurethane foam, EVA foam, polyester batting, or cotton fabric padding.

[0076] The hydrophilic, breathable material 74 may be composed of, for example: special knit or woven fabrics, suede leather, synthetic suede, spandex, polyester, brushed cotton, or other suitable fabric.

[0077] The loop material 73 may be composed of any loop and hook adherent material.

[0078]FIG. 4A provides a cross sectional view of the thigh engaging member 10. FIG. 4B provides a cross sectional view of the calf engaging member 20. The thigh engaging member and the calf engaging member may be constructed of any material that imparts suitable rigidity, for example metals, polymers, and thermoplastic resins. The cross sectional shape of the thigh engaging member and the calf engaging member is often elliptical giving the thigh engaging and calf engaging members optimal and maximal strength to weight characteristics. The elliptical cross sectional shape minimizes the bulk and profile to maintain rigidity of the thigh engaging member and the calf engaging member and minimizes the weight of the knee brace. The elliptical cross sectional shape of the thigh engaging member and the calf engaging member optimizes and maximizes the surface contact to the wearer's leg allowing the orthopedic brace to more securely hold the thigh and calf of the wearer.

[0079] The thigh engaging member and calf engaging member are each of unitary construction that imparts suitable rigidity to the thigh engaging member and calf engaging member. The unitary construction may be of a molded metals, polymers, and thermoplastic resins, or of a composite material of molded metals, polymers, thermoplastic resins, fiber-reinforced polymers and/or fiber-reinforced thermoplastic resins.

[0080]FIG. 5 is an exploded view of the lateral hinge of the anatomically designed orthopedic knee brace for the right leg. The lateral hinge has a first variable axis of rotation and comprises a first shell 37, a second shell 38, and a third shell 39 in the shape of a segment of a sphere. The first or inside shell 37 and third or outside 39 shell are concentric and fastened parallel to each other to form a first opening between them. The first/inside 37 shell and third/outside 39 shell have an extension 35, 36 fastened to the lateral portion 11 of the thigh engaging member 10. The second or center shell 38 has a first end designed to be inserted into the first opening, such that the first, second, and third shells are concentric and parallel. The second or center shell 38 has an extension 33, 34 fastened to the lateral portion 21 of the calf engaging member 20. The first 37 and third 39 shells are rotatably engaged to the second 38 shell by a plurality of cam follower pins and a plurality of cam slots. In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the first/inside shell and third/outside shell are fastened to the lateral portion of the calf engaging member, and the second/center shell is fastened to the lateral portion of the thigh engaging member.

[0081] The first and third shells are typically provided with a first extension 35, 36 fastened to the lateral portion of the thigh engaging member. The second shell is typically provided with a second extension 33, 34 fastened to the lateral portion of the calf engaging member. The first extension comprises an inner spherical plate extension 35 and an outer spherical plate extension 36 that are rigidly fastened to the lateral portion 11 of the thigh engaging member via fastener 40 connected to fastener boss 150. The second extension comprises a lateral retainer plate 33 and a center spherical plate extension 34 that are rigidly fastened to the lateral portion 21 of the calf engaging member via fastener 41 connected to fastener boss 152. In an alternative embodiment, the first extension is fastened to the lateral portion of the calf engaging member, and the second extension is fastened to the lateral portion of the thigh engaging member.

[0082] In more detailed aspects of the invention, the lateral hinge 30 has a lateral inner bushing 42 concentric and fastened parallel between the first/inner shell 37 and second/center 38 shell. The lateral hinge has a lateral outer bushing 43 concentric and fastened parallel between the second/center 38 and third/outer 39 shell. The lateral hinge has a lateral condyle base 44 generally concentric with and fastened parallel between the first/inner shell and the knee of the wearer. Fastener 45 holds the lateral condyle base, first/inner sphere, lateral inner bushing, second/center sphere, lateral outer bushing, and third/outer sphere. In a further detailed aspect, the medial hinge and the lateral hinge have concave surfaces facing the wearer's knee.

[0083] In other detailed aspects, the lateral hinge 30 has a first cam follower pin 46 located on the convex surface of the second/center spherical shell 38. The lateral hinge has a second cam follower pin 47 located on the convex surface of the third/outer spherical shell 39. A first cam slot 48 is located on the first/inner spherical shell 37 to receive the first cam follower pin 46. A second cam slot 49 is located on the second/center spherical shell 49 to receive the second cam follower pin 47. The first 37 and third 39 spherical shells are rotatably engaged to the second spherical shell 38 by means of the first 46 and second 47 cam follower pins moving within the first 48 and second 49 cam slots, respectively.

[0084]FIG. 6 is an exploded view of the medial hinge of the anatomically designed orthopedic knee brace for the right leg. In certain embodiments of the invention, the medial hinge 50 has a second variable axis of rotation and comprises a fourth shell 57, a fifth shell 58, and a sixth shell 59 in the shape of a segment of a sphere. The fourth or inside shell 57 and sixth or outside 59 shell are concentric and fastened parallel to each other to form a second opening between them. The fourth/inside 57 shell and sixth/outside 59 shell have extensions 55, 56 fastened to the medial portion of said thigh engaging member 10. The fifth or center shell 58 has a first end designed to be inserted into the second opening, such that the fourth, fifth, and sixth shells are concentric and parallel. The fifth or center shell 58 has extension 53, 54 fastened to the medial portion of the calf engaging member 20. In one embodiment, the fourth 57 and sixth 59 shells are rotatably engaged to the fifth 58 shell by a plurality of cam follower pins and a plurality of cam slots. In an alternative embodiment, the fourth/inside shell and sixth/outside shell are fastened to the medial portion of the calf engaging member, and the fifth/center shell is fastened to the medial portion of the thigh engaging member.

[0085] In other detailed aspects of the invention, the fourth 57 and sixth 59 shells are provided with a third extension 55, 56 fastened to the medial portion 13 of the thigh engaging member. The fifth 58 shell is provided with a fourth extension 53, 54 fastened to the medial portion 23 of the calf engaging member. The third extension comprises an inner spherical plate extension 55 and an outer spherical plate extension 56 that are rigidly fastened to the medial portion 13 of the thigh engaging member via fastener 60 connected to fastener boss 154. The fourth extension comprises a medial retainer plate 53 and a center spherical plate extension 54 that are rigidly fastened to the medial portion 23 of the calf engaging member. In an alternative embodiment, the third extension is fastened to the medial portion of the calf engaging member, and the fourth extension is fastened to the lateral portion of the thigh engaging member via fastener 61 connected to fastener boss 156.

[0086] In additional detailed aspects, the medial hinge 50 has a medial inner bushing 62 concentric and fastened parallel between the fourth/inner shell 57 and second/center 38 shell. The medial hinge has a medial outer bushing 63 concentric and fastened parallel between the fifth/center 58 and sixth/outer 59 shell. The medial hinge has a medial condyle base 64 concentric and fastened parallel between the fourth/inner sphere and the knee of the wearer. The medial condyle base, fourth/inner sphere, medial inner bushing, fifth/center sphere, medial outer bushing, and sixth/outer sphere are held by fastener means 65.

[0087] In related embodiments, the medial hinge 50 has a third cam follower pin 66 located on the convex surface of the fifth/center spherical shell 58. The medial hinge has a fourth cam follower pin 67 located on the convex surface of the sixth/outer spherical shell 59. A third cam slot 68 is located on the fourth/inner spherical shell 57 to receive the first cam follower pin 66. A fourth cam slot 69 is located on the second/center spherical shell 58 to receive the fourth cam follower pin 67. The fourth 57 and sixth 59 spherical shells are rotably engaged to the fifth spherical shell 58 by means of the third 66 and fourth 67 cam follower pins moving within the first 68 and second 69 cam slots, respectively.

[0088] In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, the orthopedic knee brace comprises a medial hinge having three parallel, concentric, spherical shells rotatably engaged by a plurality of cam follower pins in a plurality of cam slots, and a lateral hinge having three parallel, concentric, spherical shells rotatably engaged by a plurality of cam follower pins in a plurality of cam slots. In an alternative embodiment, the orthopedic knee brace may comprise a medial hinge having two parallel, concentric, spherical shells rotatably engaged by a plurality of cam follower pins in a plurality of cam slots, and a lateral hinge having two parallel, concentric, spherical shells rotatably engaged by a plurality of cam follower pins in a plurality of cam slots. Each hinge may have two or more cam follower pins rotatably engaging two or more cam slots. In an alternative embodiment, the orthopedic knee brace may comprise a medial hinge or a lateral hinge, each hinge having four parallel, concentric, spherical shells rotatably engaged by a plurality of cam follower pins in a plurality of cam slots.

[0089]FIG. 7 is a perspective view of an exemplary buckle assembly for the anatomically designed orthopedic knee brace of the invention. This buckle assembly 85 allows the wearer to snap the straps 80, 81, 82, 83 in place and then tension the strap. Also see FIG. 1. When removing the brace the wearer pushes a release button to release the strap. An advantage of the buckle assembly 85 is that it does not require the wearer to thread strap ends through d-rings or slots in the brace every time they don the orthopedic knee brace.

[0090] In more detailed embodiments, the anatomically designed orthopedic knee brace uses multiple buckle assemblies 85, 95, 100, 105. See FIG. 2. For example, two buckle assemblies 85, 95 may be attached to the lateral portion 11 of the thigh engaging member and two buckle assemblies 100, 105 attached to the lateral portion 21 of the calf engaging member. The buckle assembly typically comprises two main pieces: the female buckle 91 and the male buckle 90. The male buckle 90 comprises an extension 86 having a flat elliptical shape, buckle retention clip 87, retaining clip safety tabs 88, and buckle strap channel 89. The female buckle 91 comprises the male buckle receptacle 92, retention clip housing 93, and the buckle attachment extension 94. The male buckle extension 86 passes through the male buckle receptacle 92 and the two pieces are secured as the buckle retention clip 87 snaps into place within the buckle retention clip housing 93. The retention clip safety tabs 88 provide means for preventing the retention clip from coming out of the housing under load. The female buckle attachment extension 94 extends off the female buckle main body at an angle to conform to the wearer's leg. The male buckle strap channel 89 provides means for brace straps to pass through and adjust tension on the wearer's leg, thus securing the orthopedic knee brace to the wearer's leg. The wearer may push retention clip 87 to release the buckle assembly and thus remove the orthopedic knee brace from the wearer's leg.

[0091] As illustrated in FIG. 8 the strapping system of the orthopedic knee brace provides exemplary means for securing the orthopedic knee brace to the wearer's thigh and calf. The strapping system also controls the femur and tibia from unwanted motion between the orthopedic knee brace and the wearer's thigh and calf. The strapping material typically comprises at least a section of non-stretchable loop type of material containing an end section of hook type material 106 that allows the strap to reflect and secure back upon itself. FIG. 8A illustrates an alligator type of hook closure 107, which allows the user to remove and adjust the length of the strap by cutting and then re-apply the alligator closure to the end of the strap. FIG. 8B shows how the strapping system can be provided in multiple segments. For example, two straps are attached to the thigh engaging member and two straps are attached to the calf engaging member. The upper thigh strap 80 and the lower thigh strap 81 provide means to secure the thigh engaging member to the wearer's thigh. Both the upper thigh strap 80 and the lower thigh strap 81 are connected to attachment points on the inside of the medial portion 13 of the thigh engaging member. The upper thigh strap 80 traverses the back of wearer's thigh and is then slipped through the upper thigh strap buckle assembly 85 and connected back upon itself. The lower thigh strap 81 traverses the back of the wearer's thigh and is then slipped through the lower thigh strap buckle assembly 95 and connected back upon itself. The adjustment allows the wearer to tension the strap. Both upper and lower thigh strap buckle assemblies are attached to the lateral portion 11 of the thigh engaging member. The straps that provide means to secure the calf engaging member to wearer's leg are the upper calf strap 82 and the lower calf strap 83. Both upper and lower calf straps are attached to the medial portion 23 of the calf engaging member. The upper calf strap 82 traverses behind the calf and above the largest part of the calf musculature and is then slipped through the upper calf strap buckle assemble 100 and connected back onto itself. The lower calf strap 83 traverses behind the lower calf and is then slipped through the lower calf strap buckle assembly 105 and connected back onto it. The tibial strap 84 is made up of a generally non-stretchable loop material with tibial strap tabs 108 sewn to both ends. FIG. 8C illustrates an alternate embodiment wherein the tibial strap tabs have a hook material on one side and a loop material on the other allowing the tibial strap tabs to be secured to each other while overlapping each other. The tibial strap 84 runs through the medial tibial d-ring 109 and the lateral tibial d-ring 110 (see FIG. 1). The tibial strap may be tensioned by the user to control the movement of the wearer's tibia in the calf engaging member.

[0092] It will be understood that other types of flexible securing means are useful in the present invention, including various flexible strap constructions. Alternatively, a substantially rigid overlapping adjustable strap assembly with a clamping mechanism may be useful to secure the thigh engaging member and the calf engaging member to the thigh and calf of the wearer.

[0093]FIGS. 9A, 9C, and 9E are a perspective view of a hinge and an extension stop member at positions of flexion and extension of a wearer's knee within the brace. FIGS. 9B, 9D, and 9F are a cross sectional view of the cam follower pin in the cam slot at positions of flexion and extension of a wearer's knee within the brace. FIGS. 9B, 9D, and 9F show cross sections of the cam follower pin 125 within the hinge of the orthopedic knee brace typically having an edge 128 of a pin sidewall 126 at an angle 122 to the radial axis 121 of the spherical shell within the hinge. The cam slot within the spherical shell has an inner side wall 123 and an outer side wall 124. Cross sections 9B, 9D, and 9F of the cam follower pin 125 in the cam slot are shown, for example, at 0 degrees, 20 degrees and 40 degrees of flexion, respectively. In cross sections 9B, 9D, and 9F, an edge 127 of the cam slot inner side wall is closest to an edge 128 of the pin sidewall throughout the range of motion of flexion and extension of the orthopedic knee brace. The edge 127 of the cam slot inner side wall and the edge 128 of the pin side wall are parallel throughout the range of motion of flexion and extension of the orthopedic knee brace. Upon full flexion of the wearer's knee within the orthopedic knee brace the cam follower pin applies pressure to the outer cam slot wall 124. Upon full extension of the wearer's knee within the orthopedic knee brace the cam follower pin applies pressure to the inner cam slot wall 123. Two factors that may prevent wear and binding of the lateral and medial hinges during extended and intensive use of the anatomically designed orthopedic knee brace are (1) the angle 122 between the edge of the cam follower pin side wall 128 and the radial axis 121 of the spherical shell, and (2) the shape of the cam follower pin that allows edge 128 of the pin side wall to travel parallel to edge 127 of the cam slot inner side wall.

[0094] The angle 122 between the edge 128 of the cam follower pin sidewall and the radial axis 121 of the spherical shell of the hinge is between approximately 0 and 45 degrees. In a further embodiment the angle 122 is between approximately 10 and 35 degrees. In a further embodiment, the angle 122 is between approximately 20 and 25 degrees.

[0095]FIGS. 10A, 10B, 10C, and 10D show the extension stop member 130 on medial hinge 50. A comparable extension stop member exists on lateral hinge 70. The inner shell 57 of the hinge 50 has a catch 134. The catch contacts the extension stop 132 on the inner shell 57 of the hinge 50 to limit extension of the tibia relative to the femur of a wearer's leg when the leg is secured by the thigh engaging member and calf engaging member of the orthopedic knee brace. The extension stop member 130 is adjustable from a setting of 0 degrees to 20 degrees flexion in five degree increments by loosening set screw 136, moving the extension stop 132, and retightening set screw 136. The positional adjustments control the limits of extension of the wearer's leg from 0 degrees flexion (full extension) to 20 degrees flexion (partially limited extension). FIG. 10 shows two of the multiple positions for the extension stop member. FIGS. 10A and 10B show extension stop member 130 set at 0 degrees of flexion. FIGS. 10C and 10D show extension stop member 130 set at 20 degrees of flexion.

[0096] It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the basic structural elements of the lateral and medial hinges of the anatomically designed orthopedic knee brace in accordance with the present invention have been described. The hinge comprises parallel concentric shells designed with a spherical radius that provides optimal prescribing of the knee brace in six degrees of freedom of the wearer's knee. The cam follower pins and cam slots have been designed to provide optimal prescribing of six degrees of freedom of the wearer's knee. It will be understood that multiple designs of spherical shells, comprising two, three or four shells per hinge are within the scope of the present invention. It will be further understood that multiple designs of cam follower pins in cam slots of various arcuate or curved design or linear plus arcuate or curved design are within the scope of the present invention, and that multiple combinations of two or three cam follower pins in two or three cam slots within each hinge are contemplated herein. In one embodiment, the first, second and third shells of a lateral hinge have a spherical surface defining a first radius, and the fourth, fifth, and sixth shells of a medial hinge have a spherical surface defining a second radius.

[0097]FIG. 11 is a cross section view of the lateral hinge of the anatomically designed orthopedic knee brace for the right leg. The lateral hinge comprises a first shell 37, a second shell 38, and a third shell 39 in the shape of a segment of a sphere. The first or inside shell 37 and third or outside 39 shell are concentric and fastened parallel to each other to form a first opening between them. The first/inside 37 shell and third/outside 39 shell have an extension 35, 36 fastened to the lateral portion 11 of the thigh engaging member 10. The second/middle shell 38 is between and concentric with the first and third shells. The second/middle shell 38 has an extension 33, 34 fastened to the lateral portion 21 of the calf engaging member 20. The values for the radii of the first, second and third shells of the lateral hinge is based upon an exemplary embodiment. It is understood that the values of the radii of the first, second and third shells of the lateral hinge may range from approximately 2.5 inches to approximately 3.5 inches, alternatively, from approximately 2.8 inches to approximately 3.4 inches, within the scope of the anatomically designed orthopedic knee brace. In an exemplary embodiment, the radii of the concentric shells correspond to C/R through N/R in FIG. 11. In an exemplary embodiment, the radius of the first shell 37 may be approximately 2.8 to approximately 3.1 inches, or may be approximately 2.96 to approximately 2.98 inches (for example, D/R may be 2.967 inches; E/R may be 2.972 inches) at its inside surface. The radius of the first shell at its outside surface may be approximately 2.9 to approximately 3.2 inches, or may be approximately 3.06 to approximately 3.07 inches (for example, H/R may be 3.064 inches; F/R may be 3.067 inches). In an exemplary embodiment, the radius of the second shell 38 may be approximately 2.9 to approximately 3.2 inches, or may be approximately 3.09 to approximately 3.11 inches (for example, G/R may be 3.092 inches; I/R may be 3.103 inches.) at its inside surface. The radius of the second shell 38 at its outside surface may be approximately 3.1 to approximately 3.3 inches, or may be approximately 3.20 to approximately 3.21 inches (for example, J/R may be 3.203 inches; K/R may be 3.208 inches). In an exemplary embodiment, the radius of the third shell 39 may be approximately 3.1 to approximately 3.4 inches, or may be approximately 3.23 to approximately 3.24 inches (for example, L/R may be 3.236 inches; M/R may be 3.239 inches.) at its inside surface. The radius of the third shell 39 at its outside surface may be approximately 3.2 to approximately 3.5 inches, or may be approximately 3.33 inches to approximately 3.34 inches (for example, N/R may be 3.334 inches.). The value for radius M/R at the inside surface of the third shell 39 is based on studies and modeling of the human knee. The radius M/R at the inside surface of the third shell 39 corresponds to the radius value of the lateral femoral condyle of an average human male.

[0098]FIG. 12 is a cross section view of the medial hinge of the anatomically designed orthopedic knee brace for the right leg. The medial hinge comprises a fourth shell 57, a fifth shell 58, and a sixth shell 59 in the shape of a segment of a sphere. The fourth or inside shell 57 and sixth or outside 59 shell are concentric and fastened parallel to each other to form a second opening between them. The fourth/inside 57 shell and sixth/outside 59 shell have an extension 55, 56 fastened to the medial portion 13 of the thigh engaging member 10. The fifth/middle shell 58 is between and concentric with the first and third shells. The fifth/middle shell 58 has an extension 53, 54 fastened to the medial portion 23 of the calf engaging member 20. The values for the radii of the fourth, fifth and sixth shells of the medial hinge is based upon an exemplary embodiment. It is understood that the values of the radii of the fourth, fifth and sixth shells of the medial hinge may range from approximately 1.5 inches to approximately 2.5 inches, alternatively from approximately 1.8 inches to approximately 2.3 inches, within the scope of the anatomically designed orthopedic knee brace. In an exemplary embodiment, the radii of the concentric shells correspond to C/R through N/R in FIG. 12. In an exemplary embodiment, the radius of the fourth shell 57 may be approximately 1.7 to approximately 2.0 inches, or may be approximately 1.88 inches to approximately 1.89 inches (for example, D/R may be 1.880 inches; E/R may be 1.883 inches) at its inside surface. The radius of the fourth shell 57 at its outside surface may be approximately 1.8 to approximately 2.1 inches, or may be approximately 1.97 inches to approximately 1.99 inches (for example, F/R may be 1.978 inches; G/R may be 1.981 inches). In an exemplary embodiment, the radius of the fifth shell 58 may be approximately 1.9 to approximately 2.2 inches, or may be approximately 2.01 inches to approximately 2.02 inches (for example, H/R may be 2.009 inches; I/R may be 2.014 inches.) at its inside surface The radius of the fifth shell 58 at its outside surface may be approximately 2.0 to approximately 2.3 inches, or may be approximately 2.11 inches to approximately 2.12 inches (for example, J/R may be 2.114 inches; K/R may be 2.119 inches). In an exemplary embodiment, the radius of the sixth shell 59 may be approximately 2.0 to approximately 2.3 inches, or may be approximately 2.14 inches to approximately 2.16 inches (for example, L/R may be 2.147 inches; M/R may be 2.150 inches.) at its inside surface. The radius of the sixth shell 59 at its outside surface may be approximately 2.1 to approximately 2.4 inches, or may be approximately 2.24 inches to approximately 2.25 inches (for example, N/R may be 2.245 inches). The value for radius M/R at the inside surface of the sixth shell 59 is based on studies and modeling of the human knee. The radius M/R at the inside surface of the sixth shell 59 corresponds to the radius value of the medial femoral condyle of an average human male.

[0099]FIG. 13 is a perspective view of a wearer's right leg illustrating the axes of movement of the tibia 142 with respect to the femur 144. The patella 140 is also shown. The anatomically designed orthopedic knee brace in accordance with the present invention prescribes asymmetric three-dimensional anatomic motion in six degrees of freedom. The three axes of rotation of the knee joint are flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, internal/external rotation between a femur and a tibia of a wearer's leg. The three axes of translation of the knee joint are anterior/posterior translation, medial/lateral translation, and proximal/distal translation between a femur and a tibia of a wearer's leg. Flexion and extension take place in the sagittal plane. During normal human locomotion the knee ranges from zero degrees, which is defined as full extension (straight leg), to an average of about 60 degrees of flexion (bent knee position). The natural roll and glide of the femur on the tibial plateau occurs in an anterior and posterior motion within the sagittal plane. As the femur rolls back on the tibia during flexion it also glides. Since the medial and lateral condyles are essentially spherical and have different radii, they rotate and glide at a different rate. The differential rollback creates a complex asymmetric motion to the knee. Further motion linked to the knee flexion and extension occurs in the frontal plane. As the knee flexes, the ankle moves toward the midline of the body to create adduction (or varus). As the knee extends, the ankle moves away from the midline of the body to create abduction (or valgus). Simultaneous motion also occurs in the transverse plane. The tibia exhibits internal and external rotation with respect to the femur. As the knee flexes the tibia internally rotates with respect to the femur. As the knee extends the tibia externally rotates. This phenomenon is known as “the screw home mechanism.” The screw home motion is a result of ligament and other soft tissue tension, as well as the articular geometry and relationship between the medial and lateral femoral condyles with the respective tibial plateaus. As the knee flexes and extends, the tibia further exhibits proximal/distal motion and medial/lateral motion with respect to the femur.

Test Data

[0100] Lateral Compression Test to Determine Rigidity of Knee Braces

[0101] The orthopedic knee brace in accordance with the present invention is rigid or substantially rigid as measured by lateral rigidity using the lateral compression test. The purpose of the lateral compression test is to compare lateral rigidity between the orthopedic knee brace in accordance with the present invention and commercially available knee braces. The lateral compression test may be conducted, for example, by clamping the knee brace at either the medial or lateral hinge element. The hinge is placed on its side with one hinge element directly vertical above the second hinge element. One hinge element is fixed while a force is applied to the other hinge. A vertical pneumatic press is used to compress the opposing hinge elements toward each other by 0.5 inches off a baseline. See FIG. 11. An inline load cell is used to determine the force required under load to compress the brace by 0.5 inches. The force is measured in units of pounds. It is understood in the art that there may be alternative measures of rigidity of the orthopedic knee brace. TABLE 1 Rigidity as measured by lateral compression test: Force required to com- press knee brace medial/lateral by 0.5 inches. Knee Brace Force (pounds) Medicus 3.0 Omni 5.4 Donjoy 6.4 Orthotech 14.8 BREG 24.1 Gen II 26.6 Donjoy “Defiance” 26.7 Lenox Hill 32.2 Townsend “Premier” 39.4 CTI 96.2

[0102] Rigidity of the orthopedic knee brace may be determined by the degree of medial/lateral rigidity. Rigidity is measured as a function of the force required under load to compress the brace by 0.5 inches. Table 1 shows a range of rigidity in knee braces from approximately 3 pounds of force to approximately 96 pounds of force. FIG. 12 indicates that rigid knee braces in accordance with the present invention typically require a force of 15 pounds or greater to compress medial and lateral hinges toward each other by a distance of 0.50 inches. In one embodiment, the orthopedic knee brace is rigid or substantially rigid if the force required under load to compress the brace by 0.5 inches is approximately 15 pounds or greater. In a further embodiment, the orthopedic knee brace is rigid or substantially rigid if the force required under load to compress the brace by 0.5 inches is approximately 25 pounds or greater. In a further embodiment, the force is approximately 30 pounds or greater. In a further embodiment, the orthopedic knee brace is rigid or substantially rigid if the force required under load to compress the brace by 0.5 inches is between approximately 25 pounds and approximately 35 pounds. Gen II is an exemplary embodiment of an anatomically designed orthopedic knee brace in accordance with the present invention.

[0103] Torque and Tension Test for Ligament Brace Hinge Screw Boss

[0104] The fastener and hinge extension fastener boss rigidly attach the lateral hinge extensions and medial hinge extensions to the thigh engaging member and the calf engaging member. Torque and tension tests were performed on the hinge extension fastener boss by tightening a high strength screw into the hinge extension fastener boss. In FIGS. 5 and 6 of the lateral and medial hinges, fasteners 40, 41, 60, 61 fasten into fastener bosses 150, 152, 154, 156 of the hinge extensions. The strength of the connection between the hinge extensions and the thigh engaging member and calf engaging member contributes to the rigidity of the orthopedic knee brace.

[0105] The hinge extension fastener boss was replicated on four different manufacturing process metals: cast aluminum alloy 383, cast magnesium alloy AZ91D, machined cast aluminum alloy 383, and machined wrought-aluminum 6061-T6. The fastener boss was tested in torque and tension with a screw fastener. The torque is tested by tightening a high strength screw with a round-beam torque wrench (in-lbs) until failure of the fastener boss occurs. The tension was tested using a load cell fixed to a 4:1 hinged lever arm. The load cell at one end of the lever arm records the maximum force (lbs) applied to the fastener boss at imminent failure. A screw was threaded into the fastener boss at the other end of the lever arm which is loaded in tension.

[0106] The thread on the cast magnesium is 6-32 where the thread on all other specimens is 8-32. An approximation is made to multiply the torque value of the 6-32 screw by a ratio of 1.188:1. This is possible because both threads have a pitch of 32 and the shear area becomes dependent on only the screw threads major diameter d. The major diameter of the 8-32 and 6-32 threads are 0.164 and 0.138 respectively which calculates to a 1.188:1 ratio.

[0107] The fasteners and hinge extension fastener bosses vary in size so it is important to relate the tension results between specimens in normal stress σ. The normal stress is defined by $\begin{matrix} {\sigma = \frac{F}{A}} & (1) \end{matrix}$

[0108] where F is the force measured by the load cell and A is the cross sectional area of the boss (see Table 2). All the fasteners and fastener bosses use the thread major diameter and the outside diameter of the boss to calculate the area A. Equation 1 allows the force measured in tension to be recalculated by the ratio of the area of the two fasteners and fastener bosses of different diameters to match the design area. The design area used for the cross-sectional area of the boss is 0.036 inches². The recalculated force values using the design area can be seen in Table 2. The measured stress can be compared to the given ultimate tensile strength of the metals in Table 3. The ultimate tensile strength is the predicted failure stress point of the materials.

[0109] Hinge extension fastner bosses made of four different metal compositions withstood torque prior to failure: 60 in-lbs for cast aluminum, 35 in-lbs for cast magnesium, 50 in-lbs for machined cast aluminum, and 95 in-lbs for machined aluminum 6061-T6. Tensile tests resulted in 20,072 psi for cast aluminum, 19,120 psi for cast magnesium, 18,911 psi for machined cast aluminum, and 41,333 psi for machined aluminum 6061-T6. TABLE 2 Forces and areas of specimens in tension Machined Cast Cast Machined Cast Wrought- Aluminum Magnesium Aluminum Aluminum Type of Metal Alloy 383 AZ91D Alloy 383 6061-T6 Maximum 1,003.6 382.4 680.8 1,488.0 Force Measured F (lb) Measured Area .050 .020 .036 .036 A (in²) Maximum 722.6 688.3 680.0 1,4880.0 Force with Design Area

[0110] TABLE 3 Ultimate tensile strength of metal Cast Cast Machined Cast Wrought- Type Aluminum Magnesium Aluminum Aluminum of Metal Alloy 383 AZ91-D Alloy 383 Alloy 6061-T6 Ultimate 45,000 33,000 N/A 45,000 Tensile Strength S_(ut) (psi)

[0111] TABLE 4 Torque and Tension data between metals Cast Machined Cast Magnesium Machined Cast Wrought- Type Aluminum Alloy Aluminum Aluminum of Metal Alloy 383 AZ91D Alloy 383 6061-T6 Failure Point Threads Boss Crack- Boss Cracked Threads in Compres- Stripped ed Vertically Vertically Stripped sion Measured    60    35    50    95 Torque (in- lb) Failure Point Boss separat- Boss separat Boss separated Boss separat in Tension ed at bottom ed at bottom at bottom ed at bottom Measured 20,072 19,120 18,911 41,333 Tension (psi) Percent Error    55%    42% N/A    8%

[0112] Results indicate that fasteners and hinge extension fastener bosses constructed of wrought-aluminum 6061-T6 alloy surpassed all other metals in the torque and tension test. The fastener boss failure from torque between metals provides a good comparison analysis, but the fastener's material composition will influence the maximum torque applied to the boss. The screw used to test the boss was made of heat treated alloy steel which yields material properties greater than Grade 8. Because a corrosion resistant fastener is desired for the application, there is a likelihood of the fastener failing before the boss. For example an 18-8 stainless steel screw with a 6-32 thread will fail at about 33 in-lbs

[0113] Fasteners and hinge extension fastener bosses constructed of cast aluminum alloy 383 have a high ultimate tensile strength in Table 3. However, cast aluminum alloy is not considered a homogenous material like that of the wrought-aluminum alloy 6061-T6. A large portion of the 55% error in the cast aluminum is most likely due to sensitivity in mold geometry and the voids that create inconsistencies in the grain structure of the material. The drilled and tapped thru hole in the fastener boss for both aluminum and magnesium cast materials must also be considered as a large contribution to error. The material properties supplied for any given material is most likely determined by testing unmodified prismatic bar specimens at the midsections where there is uniform deformation. These fasteners and hinge extension fastener bosses differ greatly from those having a threaded thru hole. The strength in a die cast is in the skin of the part. Therefore by threading a hole in the center of the fastener boss, the thread surface is weaker than the skin on the outside and is most likely the first location for failure from fracture. A cored hole in the die instead of drilling a hole in the boss after the die was made would provide the die cast skin strength at the screw.

[0114] Threaded Insert Pullout Test

[0115] The pull out strength of the threaded insert was measured. A pull out strength of at least 175 pounds is considered adequate for the threaded insert. The tests in Table 5 indicate that ColPlas brass insert, either cold pressed or molded has sufficient pull out strength for use in the orthopedic knee brace in accordance with the present invention. The brass insert is superior to the steel insert. TABLE 5 Threaded Insert Pullout Test Threaded Insert Frame Material Insertion Method Pull Strength Steel PEM “SI Machined Triax Cold Pressed 171 lbs. press-in” ColPlas brass insert Machined Triax Cold Pressed 192 lbs. ColPlas brass insert Injection Molded Molded in 210 lbs. Triax

[0116] Range of Movement Data for an Anatomically Designed Orthopedic Knee Brace

[0117] During walking or running, the knee joint moves in six degrees of freedom, three rotational degrees and three translational degrees. The six degrees of freedom are flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, internal/external rotation, anterior/posterior translation, medial/lateral translation and proximal/distal translation between a femur and a tibia of a wearer's leg. During walking or running the knee flexes to about 20 to 30 degrees in some cases up to 60 degrees. See Reinschmidt C. Three-dimensional tibiocalcaneal and tibiofemoral kinematics during human locomotion—measured with external and bone markers. Ph.D. Thesis, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada, 1996. The complete flexion range of motion of the normal human knee about 0 degrees to 130 or 140 degrees. The orthopedic knee brace in accordance with the present invention has a flexion range of approximately −5 to approximately 135 degrees.

[0118] Studies on the medial-lateral translation patterns of the tibia during normal knee motion show a medial translation just after heel strike and as the knee flexes followed by lateral translation as the knee extends. See Reinschmidt C, et. al., Gait and Posture, 6: 98-109, 1997; Reinschmidt C., Ph.D. Thesis, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada, 1996; Reinschmidt C, et al., Journal of Biomechanics 30: 729-732, 1997, McClay I S., Ph.D. Thesis, The Pennsylvania State University, 1990. Other studies show a gradual pattern from lateral translation between full extension and 80 degrees flexion to a slight medial translation through the rest of the flexion range. See Ishii Y, et al., Clinical Orthopedics and Related Research : 144-150, 1997; Lafortune M A, et al., Journal of Biomechanics 25: 347-357, 1992; Lafortune M A. The use of intra-cortical pins to measure the motion of the knee joint during walking. Ph.D. Thesis, The Pennsylvania State University, 1984; Lafortune M A, et al., Journal of Orthopedics Research 412-420, 1994.

[0119]FIG. 16 shows medial lateral translation in degrees during flexion and extension of the orthopedic knee brace in an embodiment of the present invention (curved area). In one embodiment, the range of medial lateral translation during flexion and extension of the orthopedic knee brace is from approximately 2 millimeters of medial translation to approximately 6 millimeters of lateral translation through the range of flexion. In an exemplary embodiment, the orthopedic knee brace translates laterally up to approximately 4 millimeters as the knee flexes to approximately 80 degrees then translates medially approximately 1 millimeter through the rest of the flexion range.

[0120] Static studies of knee joint motion are carried out without force applied to the knee joint. Dynamic studies of knee joint motion are carried out with force applied to the knee joint. Among both the static and dynamic studies on knee joint motion, the maximum ranges of motion among some studies are shown to range from 12.5 millimeters of anterior movement of the tibia to 6.1 millimeters of movement posteriorly as the knee flexes. See Marans H J, et al., American Journal of Sports Medicine, 17: 325-332, 1989; McClay I S., Ph.D. Thesis, The Pennsylvania State University, 1990. However, knees with ligament deficiency have an instability of the tibia in the anterior direction as the knee extends.

[0121]FIG. 17 shows anterior posterior translation in millimeters during flexion and extension of the orthopedic knee brace in an embodiment of the present invention (curved area). The orthopedic knee brace translates posteriorly as the knee extends in order to counteract anterior drawer as the knee extends. In one embodiment, the orthopedic knee brace translates posteriorly approximately 25 millimeters as the knee extends. In a further embodiment, the orthopedic knee brace translates posteriorly approximately 10 millimeters as the knee extends. In another embodiment, the orthopedic knee brace translates posteriorly between approximately zero millimeters and approximately 25 millimeters as the knee extends from full flexion. In an exemplary embodiment, the orthopedic knee brace translates posteriorly approximately 16 millimeters as the knee extends.

[0122] Studies have measured the proximal distal translation of the tibia while running and have shown that most of the compressive loading takes place at heal strike followed by distraction as the knee flexes. See Marans H J, et al., American Journal of Sports Medicine, 17: 325-332, 1989; McClay I S., Ph.D. Thesis, The Pennsylvania State University, 1990. Within the injured or deficient knee abrupt loading of the joint surfaces should be minimized.

[0123]FIG. 18 shows proximal distal translation (compression distraction translation) in millimeters during flexion and extension of the orthopedic knee brace in an embodiment of the present invention. The orthopedic knee brace distracts distally as the knee extends. In one embodiment, the orthopedic knee brace distracts distally approximately 12 millimeters as the knee extends from full flexion. In another embodiment, the orthopedic knee brace distracts distally approximately 4 millimeters as the knee extends from full flexion. In another embodiment, the orthopedic knee brace distracts distally between approximately zero millimeters and approximately 12 millimeters as the knee extends from full flexion. In an exemplary embodiment, the orthopedic knee brace distracts distally approximately 6 millimeters as the knee extends from full flexion.

[0124] The reported magnitude of internal-external rotation varies among the available motion studies, from 3.5 degrees to over 20 degrees. Furthermore there are differences between the rotation patterns during walking and running gait and static motion. Studies that measured tibial rotation during running reported that the tibia externally rotated upon heel strike followed by an internal rotation up to mid-swing and then external rotation again through terminal-swing. See Reinschmidt C, et. al., Gait and Posture, 6: 98-109, 1997; Reinschmidt C. Three-dimensional tibiocalcaneal and tibiofemoral kinematics during human locomotion-measured with external and bone markers. Ph.D. Thesis, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada, 1996; Reinschmidt C, et al., Journal of Biomechanics 30: 729-732, 1997. The static studies however showed consistent internal rotation of the tibia through 80 or 90 degrees of flexion followed by slight external rotation through the remainder of the flexion range. In dynamic studies, the knee motion may be naturally perturbed with respect to motion of the static knee. The ligaments and joint surfaces work not only to control knee movement but also to absorb shock. For a healthy knee the induced stress on the knee ligaments is sustained during normal gait. For a ligament deficient knee these stresses could cause further damage.

[0125]FIG. 19 shows internal external rotation in degrees during flexion and extension of the orthopedic knee brace in an embodiment of the present invention (curved area). The orthopedic knee brace mimics internal rotation patterns that occur when the knee moves statically through flexion. In one embodiment, the orthopedic knee brace internally rotates up to approximately 20 degrees as the knee flexes In a further embodiment, the orthopedic knee brace internally rotates up to approximately 4 degrees as the knee flexes In a further embodiment, the range of internal external rotation during flexion and extension of the orthopedic knee brace is from approximately zero degrees to approximately 25 degrees of internal rotation. In an exemplary embodiment, the orthopedic knee brace internally rotates up to approximately 10 degrees as the knee flexes.

[0126] Adduction-abduction (varus-valgus) rotation occurs while walking, running and static (no load) as the knee flexes and extends. The magnitude of rotation has been reported to be from 2 to 8 degrees. See Marans H J, et al., American Journal of Sports Medicine, 17: 325-332, 1989; McClay I S. A comparison of tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joint motion in runners with and without patellofemoral pain. Ph.D. Thesis, The Pennsylvania State University, 1990. In all cases, adduction (varus) rotation of the tibia with respect to the femur occurred as the knee flexed. This consistency is due to the fact that nearly every human knee embodies a smaller radius on the medial condyle compared to the radius of the lateral condyle. The dynamic studies have shown higher rotation than in the static studies which may be attributed to higher applied moments about the knee due to ground reaction force during gait. These perturbations may be minimized within the deficient or injured knee.

[0127]FIG. 20 shows varus valgus (adduction abduction) rotation in degrees during flexion and extension of the orthopedic knee brace in an embodiment of the present invention (curved area). In one embodiment, the orthopedic knee brace exhibits varus (adduction) rotation up to approximately 2 degrees as the knee flexes. In a further embodiment, the orthopedic knee brace exhibits varus (adduction) rotation up to approximately 8 degrees as the knee flexes. In a further embodiment, the range of varus valgus rotation during flexion and extension of the orthopedic knee brace is from approximately zero degrees of varus rotation to approximately 10 degrees of varus rotation. In an exemplary embodiment, the orthopedic knee brace exhibits varus (adduction) rotation up to approximately 5 degrees as the knee flexes. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An orthopedic knee brace for controlling movement of a wearer's knee, said knee brace prescribes asymmetric three-dimensional anatomic motion in six degrees of freedom between a femur and a tibia during flexion and extension of a wearer's leg.
 2. The orthopedic knee brace of claim 1, further comprising: a thigh engaging member; a calf engaging member; a hinge lateral to the wearer's knee, connecting said thigh engaging member to said calf engaging member; a hinge medial to the wearer's knee, connecting said thigh engaging member to said calf engaging member; wherein said thigh engaging member is rigid and said calf engaging member is rigid; and said thigh engaging member and said calf engaging member form rigid connections to said lateral hinge and said medial hinge; whereby said rigid connections allow said knee brace to actively prescribe asymmetric three-dimensional anatomic motion between a femur and a tibia during flexion and extension of a wearer's leg.
 3. The orthopedic knee brace of claim 1, wherein said knee brace prescribes asymmetric three-dimensional anatomic motion in six degrees of freedom by actively prescribing flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, internal/extemal rotation, anterior/posterior translation, medial/lateral translation, and proximal/distal translation between a femur and a tibia of a wearer's leg.
 4. The orthopedic knee brace of claim 2, further comprising: an upper lateral hinge linkage forming said rigid connection between said thigh engaging member and said lateral hinge; a lower lateral hinge linkage forming said rigid connection between said calf engaging member and said lateral hinge; an upper medial hinge linkage forming said rigid connection between said thigh engaging member and said medial hinge; a lower medial hinge linkage forming said rigid connection between said calf engaging member and said medial hinge.
 5. The knee brace of claim 2 wherein said lateral hinge and said medial hinge further comprise a plurality of parallel, concentric, spherical shells; and a plurality of cam follower pins and a plurality of cam slots distributed among said shells, wherein said plurality of cam follower pins engage said plurality of cam slots to rotatably engage said shells, and wherein a side of each of said cam follower pins is shaped to track a path parallel to a side of each of said cam slots in which said pin is engaged.
 6. The knee brace of claim 5, wherein said side of said cam follower pin at a point closest to said cam slot is parallel to said side of said cam slot throughout the range of motion from flexion to extension of said knee brace.
 7. The knee brace of claim 6, wherein said side of said cam follower pin at the point closest to said cam slot forms an angle to a radial axis of said spherical shell.
 8. The knee brace of claim 7, wherein said angle is between approximately 0 and 45 degrees.
 9. The knee brace of claim 5, further comprising an extension stop member attached to said hinge to limit flexion and extension of the tibia relative to the femur of the wearer's leg.
 10. The knee brace of claim 9, wherein said extension stop member limits extension of the tibia relative to the femur to a minimum flexion angle between approximately 0 degrees and approximately 20 degrees.
 11. The knee brace of claim 4, wherein said thigh engaging member comprises a medial portion, a lateral portion and an anterior portion, and said calf engaging member comprises a medial portion, a lateral portion and an anterior portion, said medial portion of said thigh engaging member is rigidly attached to said upper medial linkage, said lateral portion of said thigh engaging member is rigidly attached to said upper lateral linkage, said medial portion of said calf engaging member is rigidly attached to said lower medial linkage, and said lateral portion of said calf engaging member is rigidly attached to said lower lateral linkage.
 12. The knee brace of claim 2 further comprising: attachment means on said thigh engaging member to attach said thigh engaging member to a wearer's thigh; attachment means on said calf engaging member to attach said calf engaging member to a wearer's calf.
 13. The orthopedic knee brace of claim 2, wherein each of said thigh engaging member and said calf engaging member has a unitary construction.
 14. The orthopedic knee brace of claim 13, wherein said unitary construction is molded construction or laminated single body construction.
 15. The orthopedic knee brace of claim 5 wherein said lateral hinge has a first variable axis of rotation and comprises: a first shell, a second shell, and a third shell in the shape of a segment of a sphere, said first and third shells being concentric and fastened parallel to each other to form a first opening, said first and third shells being fastened to one of said lateral portion of said thigh engaging member and said calf engaging member; said second shell having a first end designed to be inserted into said first opening and a second end fastened to the other of said lateral portion of said thigh engaging member and said calf engaging member, said first and third shells rotatably engaged to said second shell by said plurality of cam follower pins and said plurality of cam slots; wherein said medial hinge has a second variable axis of rotation and comprises: a fourth shell, a fifth shell, and a sixth shell in the shape of a segment of a sphere, said fourth and sixth shells being concentric and fastened parallel to each other to form a second opening, said fourth and sixth shells being fastened to one of said medial portion of said thigh engaging member and said calf engaging member; said fifth shell having a first end designed to be inserted into said second opening and a second end fastened to the other of said medial portion of said thigh engaging member and said calf engaging member, said fourth and sixth shells rotatably engaged to said fifth shell by said plurality of cam follower pins'and said plurality of cam slots; whereby, in use, when the wearer's leg is extended, said first variable axis of rotation and said second variable axis of rotation are coincident and in alignment with the wearer's condyles; and wherein said knee brace prescribes asymmetric three-dimensional anatomic motion in six degrees of freedom by actively prescribing flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, internal/external rotation, anterior/posterior translation, medial/lateral translation, and proximal/distal translation between a femur and a tibia of the wearer's leg.
 16. The orthopedic knee brace of claim 15, wherein said medial hinge and said lateral hinge have concave surfaces facing the knee.
 17. The orthopedic knee brace of claim 15, wherein said lateral hinge further comprises: a first cam follower pin and second cam follower pin distributed among said shells and extending inside said first opening, said first pin located on said second shell and said second pin located on said third shell; a first cam slot and a second cam slot distributed among said shells to receive said first and second pins, respectively, said first shell comprising said first cam slot and said second shell comprising said second cam slot; and wherein said medial hinge further comprises: a third cam follower pin and a fourth cam follower pin distributed among said shells and extending inside said second opening, said third pin located on said fifth shell and said fourth pin located on said sixth shell; a third cam slot and a fourth cam slot distributed among said shells to receive said third and fourth pins, respectively, said third shell comprising said third slot and said fourth shell comprising said fourth slot.
 18. The orthopedic knee brace of claim 15, wherein said first and third shells further comprise a lateral inside shell and a lateral outside shell, said lateral inside shell having a first extension fastened to said lateral portion of said thigh engaging member, said lateral outside shell having a second extension fastened to said lateral portion of said thigh engaging member, said second shell having a third extension fastened to said lateral portion of said calf engaging member, and wherein said fourth and sixth shells further comprise a medial inside shell and a medial outside shell, said medial inside shell having a fourth extension fastened to said medial portion of said thigh engaging member, said medial outside shell having a fifth extension fastened to said medial portion of said thigh engaging member, said fifth shell having a sixth extension fastened to said medial portion of said calf engaging member.
 19. The orthopedic knee brace of claim 18, wherein said first and third extensions are rigidly fastened to said thigh engaging member; and wherein said second and fourth extensions are rigidly fastened to said calf engaging member.
 20. The orthopedic knee brace of claim 15, wherein said first, second and third shells have a spherical surface defining a first radius, and said fourth, fifth, and sixth shells have a spherical surface defining a second radius.
 21. The orthopedic knee brace of claim 20, wherein said first radius is in a range from approximately 2.5 inches to 3.5 inches.
 22. The orthopedic knee brace of claim 20, wherein said second radius is in a range from approximately 1.5 inches to 2.5 inches.
 23. The orthopedic knee brace of claim 2 wherein said substantially rigid thigh engaging member and said substantially rigid calf engaging member are composed of a reinforced fiber filled thennoplastic resin.
 24. The orthopedic knee brace of claim 2 wherein said lateral hinge and said medial hinge are composed of a metal.
 25. The orthopedic knee brace of claim 24, wherein said lateral hinge and said medial hinge are composed of aluminum.
 26. The orthopedic knee brace of claim 2 wherein said substantially rigid thigh engaging member and said substantially rigid calf engaging member are composed of a composite of reinforced fiber filled thermoplastic resin and metal.
 27. The orthopedic knee brace of claim 2 wherein said lateral hinge and said medial hinge are composed of a composite of reinforced fiber filled thermoplastic resin and metal.
 28. The orthopedic knee brace of claim 2 wherein said substantially rigid thigh engaging member and said substantially rigid calf engaging member have an elliptical cross sectional shape.
 29. A method of constructing an orthopedic knee brace, comprising: constructing a thigh engaging member and a calf engaging member from a rigid material; connecting said thigh engaging member to said calf engaging member with a lateral hinge and a medial hinge holding said lateral hinge and said medial hinge at a fixed distance along an instantaneous axis of rotation of the wearer's knee; adjusting the distance between said lateral hinge and said medial hinge to fit a pin/slot geometry whereby said knee brace prescribes asymmetric three-dimensional anatomic motion in six degrees of freedom by actively prescribing flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, internal/external rotation, anterior/posterior translation, medial/lateral translation and proximal/distal translation between a femur and a tibia of a wearer's leg.
 30. An anatomical bracing hinge for an orthopedic knee brace comprising: a medial hinge including a first shell, a second shell, and a third shell in the shape of a segment of a sphere, said first and third shells being concentric and fastened parallel to each other to form a first opening, said first and third shells being fastened to one of a medial portion of a thigh engaging member and a calf engaging member; said second shell being fastened to the other of said medial portion of said thigh engaging member and said calf engaging member, said second shell designed to be inserted into said first opening concentric and parallel to said first and third shells, said first and third shells rotatably engaged to said second shell by a plurality of cam follower pins engaging a plurality of cam slots; a lateral hinge including a fourth shell, a fifth shell, and a sixth shell in the shape of a segment of a sphere, said fourth and sixth shells being concentric and fastened parallel to each other to form a second opening, said fourth and sixth shells being fastened to one of a lateral portion of a thigh engaging member and a calf engaging member, said fifth shell being fastened to the other of said lateral portion of said thigh engaging member and said calf engaging member, said fifth shell designed to be inserted into said second opening concentric and parallel to said fourth and sixth shells, said fourth and sixth shells rotatably engaged to said fifth shell by a plurality of cam follower pins engaging a plurality of cam slots, wherein said knee brace accurately prescribes asymmetric three-dimensional anatomic motion between a femur and a tibia during flexion and extension of a wearer's leg.
 31. The anatomical bracing hinge of claim 30, wherein said knee brace prescribes asymmetric three-dimensional anatomic motion in six degrees of freedom by actively prescribing flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, internal/external rotation, anterior/posterior translation, medial/lateral translation and proximal/distal translation between a femur and a tibia of a wearer's leg.
 32. The anatomical bracing hinge of claim 28, wherein said first, second, and third shells have a concave surface facing the medial side of a wearer's knee, and said fourth, fifth, and sixth shells have a concave surface facing the lateral side of a wearer's knee.
 33. The anatomical bracing hinge of claim 30, wherein said anatomical bracing hinge incorporated within an orthopedic knee brace exhibits a variable axis of rotation coincident and in alignment with a wearer's femoral condyles, and wherein said brace actively prescribes flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, internal-external rotation, anterior/posterior translation, medial/lateral translation and proximal/distal translation between a femur and a tibia of a wearer's leg.
 34. The anatomical bracing hinge of claim 30, wherein a side of said cam follower pin is shaped to track a path parallel to a side of said cam slot.
 35. The anatomical bracing hinge of claim 34, wherein said side of said cam follower pin at a point closest to said cam slot is parallel to said side of said cam slot throughout the range of motion from flexion to extension of said knee brace.
 36. The anatomical bracing hinge of claim 35, wherein said side of said cam follower pin at the point closest to said cam slot forms an angle to a radial axis of said spherical shell.
 37. The anatomical bracing hinge of claim 36, wherein said angle is between approximately 0 and 45 degrees.
 38. An orthopedic knee brace for controlling movement of a wearer's knee comprising: a thigh engaging means; a calf engaging means; a first interengaging control means lateral to the wearer's knee for rotatably connecting said thigh engaging means to said calf engaging means; a second interengaging control means medial to the wearer's knee for rotatably connecting said thigh engaging means to said calf engaging means; wherein said thigh engaging means is substantially rigid and forms rigid connections between said thigh engaging means and said first interengaging control means and between said thigh engaging means and said second interengaging control means; wherein said calf engaging means is substantially rigid and forms rigid connections between said calf engaging means and said first interengaging control means and between said calf engaging means and said second interengaging control means; whereby said rigid connections allow said knee brace to accurately prescribe flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, internal-external rotation, anterior/posterior translation, medial/lateral translation and proximal/distal translation between a femur and a tibia during flexion and extension of a wearer's leg. 